This article proposes to analyse some aspects of the appropriation of New School thinking in Brazil, particularly Deweyan pragmatism, in the 1950s and 1960s. The analysis is based on the assumption that the developmentalist ideology that punctuated the debate on the economic, political and social restructuring of the country in these two decades constituted fertile ground for the return and expansion of pragmatist thinking amongst Brazilian educators, articulating itself, sometimes in contradictory ways, with this ideology. The focus of the analysis (...) will be on the writings of the group of educators which circulated around the figure of Anísio Teixeira, at the time director of the National Institute for Pedagogic Studies, an organ linked to the Ministry of Education and Culture, which set itself the task of producing research that would support public policy in the field of education, as well as constituting itself as a center for teacher education and the stimulus and development of innovative experiences in the public school system. The appropriation of Deweyan pragmatism, in this context, had a triple perspective: pragmatism as scientific method, implying a specific conception of science, particularly the social sciences, with emphasis on the application of scientific knowledge in the solution of practical problems; as a way of democratic life; and as a synonym for experimentalism, in the sphere of schooling. (shrink)

A distinguishing characteristic of the biomedical model is its compartmentalized view of man. This way of seeing human beings has its origin in Greek thought; it was stated by Descartes and to this day it still considers humans as beings composed of distinct entities combined into a certain form. Because of this observation, one began to believe that the focus of a health treatment could be exclusively on the affected area of the body, without the need to pay attention to (...) patient’s subjectivity. By seeing pain as a merely sensory response, this model was not capable of encompassing chronic pain, since the latter is a complex process that can occur independently of tissue damage. As of the second half of the twentieth century, when it became impossible to deny the relationship between psyche and soma, the current understanding of chronic pain emerges: that of chronic pain as an individual experience, the result of a sum of physical, psychological, and social factors that, for this reason, cannot be approached separately from the individual who expresses pain. This understanding has allowed a significant improvement in perspective, emphasizing the characteristic of pain as an individual experience. However, the understanding of chronic pain as a sum of factors corresponds to the current way of seeing the process of falling ill, for its conception holds a Cartesian duality and the positivist premise of a single reality. For phenomenology, on the other hand, the individual in his/her unity is more than a simple sum of parts. Phenomenology sees a human being as an intending entity, in which body, mind, and the world are intertwined and constitute each other mutually, thus establishing the human being’s integral functioning. Therefore, a real understanding of the chronic pain process would only be possible from a phenomenological point of view at the experience lived by the individual who expresses and communicates pain. (shrink)

O texto procura realizar uma apresentação do “percurso-pensamento” de Vera Lúcia Gonçalves Felício, professora do Departamento de Filosofia da USP por cerca de vinte anos, a partir de seus escritos, que foram publicados ao longo de décadas em diferentes meios, tais como livros, revistas e jornais.

Many arguments have been made against gene editing. This paper addresses the commonly invoked argument that gene editing violates human dignity and is ultimately a subversion of human nature. There are several drawbacks to this argument. Above all, the concept of what human dignity means is unclear. It is not possible to condemn a practice that violates human dignity if we do not know exactly what is being violated. The argument’s entire reasoning is thus undermined. Analyses of the arguments involved (...) in this discussion have often led to the conclusion that gene editing contravenes the principle of genetic identity (genetic immutability) thereby subverting a requisite of human dignity and ultimately threatening human nature. This paper refutes these arguments and shows that any opposition to gene editing cannot rely on the human dignity argument. (shrink)

Although Chinese law imposes informed consent for medical treatments, the Chinese understanding of this requirement is very different from the European one, mostly due to the influence of Confucianism. Chinese doctors and relatives are primarily interested in protecting the patient, even from the truth; thus, patients are commonly uninformed of their medical conditions, often at the family’s request. The family plays an important role in health care decisions, even substituting their decisions for the patient’s. Accordingly, instead of personal informed consent, (...) what actually exists is ‘family informed consent’. From a Western perspective, these features of Chinese law and Chinese culture might seem strange, contradicting our understanding of doctor-patient relationship and even the very essence of self-determination and fundamental rights. However, we cannot forget the huge influence of cultural factors in these domains, and that ‘Western’ informed consent is grounded on the individualistic nature of Western culture. This article will underline the differences between the Western and the Chinese perspectives, clarifying how each of them must be understood in its own cultural environment. But, while still respecting Chinese particularities, this paper advocates that China adopt patient individual informed consent because this is the only solution compatible with human dignity and human rights. (shrink)

The events surrounding COVID-19, combined with the mandatory quarantines widely imposed in Asia and Europe since the virus outbreak, have reignited discussion of the balance between individual rights and liberties and public health during epidemics and pandemics. This article analyses this issue from the perspectives of precaution and necessity. There is a difficult relationship between these two seemingly opposite principles, both of which are frequently invoked in this domain. Although the precautionary principle encourages the use of quarantines, including mandatory quarantines, (...) and associated restrictive measures, the principle of necessity puts a break on such measures. The COVID-19 pandemic reveals once again the different interrelations between these two principles. However, the alleged conflict between the PN and the PP is based on a superficial analysis. The relation between these two principles is far more complex, as this article will demonstrate. (shrink)

The Director-General of the WHO has suggested that China’s approach to the COVID-19 crisis could be the standard of care for global epidemics. However, as remarkable as the Chinese strategy might be, it cannot be replicated in other countries and certainly not in Europe. In Europe, there is a distribution of power between the European Union and its member states. In contrast, China’s political power is concentrated in the central government. This enables it to take immediate measures that affect the (...) entire country, such as massive quarantines or closing borders. Moreover, the Chinese legal framework includes restrictions on privacy and other human rights that are unknown in Europe. In addition, China has the technological power to easily impose such restrictions. In most European countries, that would be science fiction. These conditions have enabled China to combat epidemics like no other country can. However, the WHO might have been overoptimistic. The Chinese standard of care for treating COVID-19 also raises problematic issues for human rights, and the real consequences of these actions remain to be seen. (shrink)

Most courts around the world have been refusing wrongful life actions. The main argument invoked is that the supposed compensable injury cannot be classified as such, since life is always a blessing no matter how hard and painful it is.In opposition to mainstream scholars and the dominant case law, this article sustains that life must be distinguished from living conditions, the former being the real injury at stake, since some living conditions are so intolerable that in themselves they justify a (...) compensation within wrongful life actions. (shrink)

The use of reproductive techniques and the eventual reproductive negligence from the provider of reproductive services gave rise to situations in which the intended parents are deprived of raising a child genetically connected to them. Courts have been dealing with cases of those for years, but have systemically denied claimants compensation, failing to recognise as damage the loss of genetic connection. In 2017, for the first time, the Singapore High Court provided compensation for that damage, labelled “loss of genetic affinity”. (...) This paper will argue that the damage in question is the loss of genetic connection and results from a violation of reproductive rights because a key element of reproductive rights is to have children with whom we keep a genetic bond and raise them. The paper will explain why the arguments classically argued against such compensation are unfounded and it will argue for a compensation covering both patrimonial and non-patrimonial damages. (shrink)

Facial recognition is an artificial intelligence-based technology that, like many other forms of artificial intelligence, suffers from an accuracy deficit. This paper focuses on one particular use of facial recognition, namely identification, both as authentication and as recognition. Despite technological advances, facial recognition technology can still produce erroneous identifications. This paper addresses algorithmic identification failures from an upstream perspective by identifying the main causes of misidentifications (in particular, the probabilistic character of this technology, its ‘black box’ nature and its algorithmic (...) bias) and from a downstream perspective, highlighting the possible legal consequences of such failures in various scenarios (namely liability lawsuits). In addition to presenting the causes and effects of such errors, the paper also presents measures that can be deployed to reduce errors and avoid liabilities. (shrink)

Under Chinese law, the juridical status of the embryo and the foetus is unclear, mainly because the existing legislation can be subject to diverse interpretations due to its ambiguous language. Lack of clarity with the law has led to different understandings amongst Chinese legal scholars. However, although there has been no consensus, there has been a clear tendency to deprive embryos and foetuses of legal status or personhood, thereby excluding them from entitlement to fundamental rights, an understanding reinforced by the (...) Confucian view of the beginning of life. It is expected that in the near future the Chinese courts will face issues involving embryos and foetuses more often, such as disputes over in vitro embryos. The lack of legal precedent could result in contradictory resolutions, therefore, the law should clarify the legal status of embryos and foetuses and accord to prenatal life special respect and treatment. (shrink)

In March 2020, the Portuguese Government issued a remarkable regulation by which irregular migrants who had previously started the regularization procedure were temporarily regularized and thus allowed full access to all social benefits, including healthcare. The Portuguese constitutional and legal framework is particularly generous regarding the right to healthcare to irregular migrants. Nevertheless, until now, several practical barriers prevented full access to healthcare services provided by the national health service, even in situations in which it was legally granted. This decision (...) is not only remarkable in light of the fulfilling of migrants’ rights to health, as imposed by international commitments assumed by, but also in view of the fight against COVID-19. The decision is grounded both on human rights and in public health reasons. The paper is divided in two main parts. In the first one, it analyzes national State obligations with regard to healthcare provision to migrants in irregular situation. In the second part, it analyzes the Portuguese solution, using this case study to discuss the possible mechanisms to comply with such obligations. (shrink)

This text is a narrative that shows the fluid border between religion and culture, from my own observation at the Islamic community in Portugal. Despite the differences and complexities found in the group of Muslims in Portugal, due to its origins, to Islamic movements and strands, the Guinean Muslims will be the protagonists in this article, especially because it is a case of continuing migration in that country, which results in increase of that population in Portugal. In a way, this (...) finding helps illustrate the fluidity of relationships religion / culture, by the very practices from their particular cultures. In addition, as a Muslim majority, which comes from the same geographical region, reproducing ethnic traits, undergo a process of segregation, not only by the wider host society but also by the Islamic religious group based in Portugal, which is generating a conflict situation. (shrink)

Rejeitando a noção de um teatro burguês, comercial, sinônimo de recepção passiva, Peter Brook reflete sobre dois outros tipos de teatro que tentam responder à proposta de um teatro vivo: o “Teatro Sagrado" e o “Teatro Bruto". Ele se propõe a reabilitar o sentido do Sagrado e do Popular (Bruto) levando em conta as condições vigentes atuais e o contexto em que a prática teatral se efetiva.

O termo cosmopolitismo que, até há bem pouco tempo, em decorrência das novas configurações da sociedade contemporânea, perdera espaço para noções como a de globalização, voltou ao primeiro plano, sendo retomado em diversos textos teóricos recentes. O artigo discute a ressignificação do conceito e suas implicações simbólicas no contexto latino-americano, tendo em vista os movimentos migratórios deste início do século XXI. Analisa-se também a presença crescente do tema da migração no campo da arte, focalizando a música popular e a ficção (...) literária e cinematográfica brasileiras. (shrink)

No presente artigo começo fazendo considerações sobre a história das inovações de desenvolvimentos genéticos, abordando as questões relativas ao descobrimento e elucidação do DNA, sobre a influência da genética para o pensamento evolucionista, a decodificação do genoma humano, a técnica DGPI e também sobre o CRISPR-Cas9. Depois, o texto passa a ter um tom mais filosófico, donde exponho e reflito a partir da perspectiva habermasiana em Sobre o futuro da natureza humana: a caminho de uma eugenia liberal? – Nesse sentido, (...) minhas reflexões são especialmente sobre a relação entre a estética e a eugenia e também sobre a responsabilidade moral dos indivíduos geneticamente modificados, precisamente pensados na esfera e hipótese da eugenia positiva. (shrink)

O leitor tem em mãos a tradução de um texto escrito por Thomas H. Huxley, publicado anonimamente no Jornal Times de 26 de novembro de 1859 – apenas dois dias após o lançamento oficial do livro Origem das espécies, a que ocupou 3 colunas e ½ de letrinhas miúdas daquela edição, e que, posteriormente fora lido por Schopenhauer, tal como ele mesmo menciona para o discípulo Adam von Doß, em uma carta de 01 de março de 1860, também o ano (...) de morte do filósofo. É após a leitura deste texto que Schopenhauer (equivocadamente, a meu ver) acusa categoricamente para Doß, que a teoria de Darwin é um mero “empirismo raso”, uma “variação da teoria de Lamarck” (GBr, 2008, p. 1587). Embora tenha sido publicado anonimamente – um costume comum na época, especialmente quando autores queriam promover positivamente com resenhas a sua própria obra perante ao público –, sabemos que a autoria é de Huxley, pois ele próprio confessara isso para seu grande amigo Charles Darwin. Primeiro Darwin lhe questionou, apenas dois dias depois da publicação do Times (28 de dezembro de 1859): “Quem poderá ser? Sem dúvida, eu diria que só existe um homem na Inglaterra que poderia ter redigido esse Ensaio, e que era você esse homem. Mas presumo que eu esteja errado e que exista algum gênio oculto de grande quilate. Pois de que modo você poderia influenciar o Jupiter Olympus [como comumente era chamado o Jornal Times] e fazê-lo conceder 3 ½ colunas à ciência pura?” (DARWIN, Correspondência de 28/12/1859, 2009, p. 279). Fora preservada uma segunda carta de Darwin para Huxley, datada de 01/01/1960 em que ele diz: “Várias pessoas me perguntaram quem escreveu aquele ‘artigo mais notável’ no Times [...] Escrevo apenas para dizer que guardarei o seu segredo” (Darwin Correspondence Project, carta 2633). A biógrafa Janet Browne (2011, p. 142) explica minuciosamente toda a história da produção do texto do Times dizendo que Hooker (outro famoso cientista amigo de Darwin) fizera um acordo com Samuel Lucas “resenhista regular do Times [...] combinando que Huxley escreveria a resenha”. Explicado todos esses detalhes históricos, acrescento apenas que todas as notas de rodapé, com exceção da que está anexada ao título (*), são da minha autoria. (shrink)

Marcando o pensamento europeu do séc. XIX e atual, Émile Durkheim (1858-1917), um dos fundadores da Sociologia, fundador e diretor da Revista L'Année Sociologique, está na base da História Social praticada na França - como, por exemplo, em Roger Chartier e em Pierre Bourdieu. É o teórico mais acabado do positivismo e do capitalismo em sua fase imperial, escrevendo uma obra vastíssima, que vai da História e da Filosofia à Educação e à Sociologia, merecendo destaque: A Divisão do Trabalho Social (...) ( 1893), As Regras do Método Sociológico ( 1895 ), O Suicídio ( 1897), As Formas Elementares da Vida Religiosa, bem como outros textos de Educação, de Filosofia e de História. Embora bem conhecidas do público suas reflexões sobre método sociológico, divisão do trabalho, anomia, suicídio e religião, o mesmo não se pode dizer com relação ao que ele pensa enquanto "pedagogo e teórico da educação e da moral", justamente este que foi o fundador da primeira cátedra de "Educação e Sociologia", na Sorbonne ("Nota da Edição Portuguesa") e que construiu uma teoria da educação que respondia à forma prescrita pela sociedade de então. [...]. (shrink)

Antes de qualquer coisa, o leitor do presente artigo encontrará uma grande preocupação de David Asher em transmitir o pensamento filosófico de Schopenhauer para o leitor britânico da época (1871), isso fica claro, pois esse empreendimento por vezes levou o autor a fazer citações ultra extensas de Schopenhauer (das quais ele mesmo traduzia da língua alemã para o inglês). Nessas longas citações/traduções que o autor faz do filósofo, tratei de copiá-las da tradução brasileira de Jair Barboza d’O mundo como vontade (...) e como representação. Sempre especifico essas cópias em notas, por isso, meu trabalho foi de fazer uma tradução parcial: traduzir o próprio Asher e não o texto de Schopenhauer traduzido por ele. Outro ponto muitíssimo importante a ser levado em consideração é que o presente texto foi comprovadamente lido pelo próprio Charles Darwin, tal como devidamente mostro na nota de rodapé número 16. (shrink)

O artigo apresenta as lutas dos trabalhadores rurais boias frias no Brasil, valorizando sua riqueza e protagonismo em momentos históricos em que elas eram invisibilizadas tanto pela ditadura como por visões pré-concebidas de quem seriam os sujeitos das lutas por reforma agrária. O universo empírico da pesquisa é a região de Ribeirão Preto e Araraquara, no estado de São Paulo, representativa das contradições entre uma agricultura produtivista e a proletarização de um amplo contingente de trabalhadores. A partir deste contexto, propõe-se (...) uma metodologia centrada nas especificidades das lutas, não deduzidas das condições objetivas, mas marcada pelas experiências vividas pelos trabalhadores e pela identificação de seus interesses. (shrink)

Desde o 11 de setembro de 2001, debates sobre o Islã foram intensificados, em busca de explicações plausíveis sobre os ataques terroristas ao World Trade Center. Foram colocadas em pauta, sobretudo nas mídias, nacional e internacional, hoje, uma das mais importantes fontes de informação e de construção dos nossos mundos cognitivos, questões sobre o que são os muçulmanos e o Islã. Motivada por esse cenário e pelo crescimento do número de muçulmanos no mundo, praticamente um quarto da população mundial, no (...) qual os muçulmanos por conversão também são parte, decidi observar e comparar os dois campos, Brasil e em Portugal, tomando nota das ricas relações entre religião e cultura, entre tradição e modernidade. Dois campos com diferentes procedências, vertentes religiosas, escolas de pensamento, movimentos religiosos, que resultaram não somente em diversidade, mas igualmente em semelhança, em conflito e em dilema. De onde se observa que também a diferença une todos os muçulmanos do mundo. Palavras-chave: Islã; Muçulmanos; Convertidos.Since September 11th 2001, debates over Islam have been intensified in search for plausible explanations for the terrorist attacks to the World Trade Center . Questions on what Muslims and Islam are have been at stake, above all, in the national and international media nowadays, one of the most important information sources as well as for building our cognitive worlds. Inspired by the scenario as well as by the growing number of Muslims in the world, almost a quarter of the population, included converted Muslims, I decided to observe and compare two fields, Brazil and Portugal, taking note about the richly relations between religion and culture, tradition and modernity. They are two fields with different origins, religious tendencies, schools of thought, religious movements, which have resulted not only in diversity, but also in similarity, conflict and dilemma. In observing that the difference also unites all Muslims in the world. Key words: Islam; Muslims; Converted. (shrink)

The COVID-19 outbreak has ravaged all societal domains, including education. Home confinement, school closures, and distance learning impacted students, teachers, and parents’ lives worldwide. In this study, we aimed to examine the impact of COVID-19-related restrictions on Italian and Portuguese students’ academic motivation as well as investigate the possible buffering role of extracurricular activities. Following a retrospective pretest–posttest design, 567 parents reported on their children’s academic motivation and participation in extracurricular activities. We used a multi-group latent change score model to (...) compare Italian and Portuguese students’: pre-COVID mean motivation scores; rate of change in motivation; individual variation in the rate of change in motivation; and dependence of the rate of change on initial motivation scores. Estimates of latent change score models showed a decrease in students’ motivation both in Italy and in Portugal, although more pronounced in Italian students. Results also indicated that the decrease in students’ participation in extracurricular activities was associated with changes in academic motivation. Furthermore, students’ age was significantly associated with changes in motivation. No significant associations were found for students’ gender nor for parents’ education. This study provides an important contribution to the study of students’ academic motivation during home confinement, school closures, and distance learning as restrictive measures adopted to contain a worldwide health emergency. We contend that teachers need to adopt motivation-enhancing practices as means to prevent the decline in academic motivation during exceptional situations. (shrink)

No momento em que oposições seculares – tais como real versus imaginário, razão versus mito, inteligível versus sensível, vida mental versus vida material – se encurtam e o poder passa a ser exercido não só pela coerção material, mas também pela dominação simbólica, percebe-se que, cada vez mais, procura-se conciliar razão e imaginário. Entende-se, assim, que a tradição é mantida através dos mitos e das lendas. O que se deseja, realmente, é manter-se o passado dentro do futuro. A sociedade tem, (...) como objetivo, o futuro. Entretanto, ela se mantém sob as regras do passado. O imaginário é sempre, em certa medida, imitação do passado, mas é uma imitação deformada pelo próprio mecanismo de projeção, que mais não pode fazer a não ser transformar os preceitos, as estruturas adquiridas pelas aprendizagens adaptativas, suprimindo-lhes outros preceitos e outras estruturas, condicionando-os a tornarem-se, sem apelo nem agravo, diferentes daquilo que são. A criança não está livre desse processo. Constantemente ela é bombardeada pelas imagens publicitárias, cinematográficas e televisionada, além das várias modalidades de Literatura que permeiam o seu cotidiano. Palavras-chave: Literatura fantástica; Infância; Imaginário e religião. ABSTRACT In a moment when secular oppositions curtail (such as the real versus the imaginary, reason versus myth, the intelligible versus the sensitive, mental life versus material life) and power comes to be exerted not only through material coercion but also through symbolical domination, one notices a growing tendency towards conciliating reason and the imaginary. Thus, tradition is kept through myths and legends, as the aim is really to hold the past inside the future. Society aims at the future. However, it keeps the rules of the past. In a way, the imaginary is always an imitation of the past, but an imitation deformed by its own projection mechanism, which cannot but transform precepts and frameworks acquired through adaptive learning, suppressing other precepts and frameworks and conditioning them to become different from what they are. The child is not free from that process, being constantly exposed to publicity, cinema and television images, besides the various kinds of literature that permeate his daily life. Key words: Fantastic literature; Childhood; The imaginary and religion. (shrink)

Background: A short version of the Posttraumatic Diagnostic Scale comprising only re-experiencing symptom items has been recently validated on Japanese adults. This short-version-PDS had good psychometric properties among Japanese adults with and without posttraumatic stress disorder. The aim of this study was to translate and culturally validate the short-version-PDS for the Brazilian sociolinguistic context.Methods: A translation of the short-version-PDS was performed based on established guidelines. We enrolled 53 patients with PTSD as a potential comorbidity. The translation and cross-cultural adaptation of (...) the short-version-PDS included forward and back-translation by a Japanese Brazilian researcher and a certified translator; synthesis was achieved by consensus, backward translation, pilot test, and finalization. Content validity coefficient was used to assess quality of adaptation. Internal consistency was calculated using Cronbach's alpha coefficient. Spearman correlations were between the new short-version-PDS and the Brazilian version of the posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist for DSM-5, and a receiver operating characteristic curve was used to determine the best cut-off values for the short-version-PDS.Results: The short-version-PDS was well accepted by all subjects, none of the questions were experienced as inappropriate, and all questions of the 3 items were judged important. Item 1 presented CVCt = 0.92; item 2 had a CVCt = 0.87 and item 3 had a CVCt = 0.95. The internal consistency of the final version as measured by Cronbach's alpha was 0.78. The short-version-PDS scale correlated positively with the DSM-5 scale with a Spearman rho of 0.64 (95%CI [0.4-0.8], p 31.0 with sensitivity and specificity are 86.4 and 93.5%, respectively.Conclusions: This Brazilian Portuguese version of the short-version-PDS had good psychometric properties among Brazilian adults with and without PTSD. Transferability and generalizability of the cut-off scores should be further analyzed. (shrink)

The unit root problem plays a central role in empirical applications in the time series econometric literature. However, significance tests developed under the frequentist tradition present various conceptual problems that jeopardize the power of these tests, especially for small samples. Bayesian alternatives, although having interesting interpretations and being precisely defined, experience problems due to the fact that that the hypothesis of interest in this case is sharp or precise. The Bayesian significance test used in this article, for the unit root (...) hypothesis, is based solely on the posterior density function, without the need of imposing positive probabilities to sets of zero Lebesgue measure. Furthermore, it is conducted under strict observance of the likelihood principle. It was designed mainly for testing sharp null hypotheses and it is called FBST for Full Bayesian Significance Test. (shrink)

To estimate causal relationships, time series econometricians must be aware of spurious correlation, a problem first mentioned by Yule (1926). To deal with this problem, one can work either with differenced series or multivariate models: VAR (VEC or VECM) models. These models usually include at least one cointegration relation. Although the Bayesian literature on VAR/VEC is quite advanced, Bauwens et al. (1999) highlighted that “the topic of selecting the cointegrating rank has not yet given very useful and convincing results”. The (...) present article applies the Full Bayesian Significance Test (FBST), especially designed to deal with sharp hypotheses, to cointegration rank selection tests in VECM time series models. It shows the FBST implementation using both simulated and available (in the literature) data sets. As illustration, standard non informative priors are used. (shrink)

In Brazil, induced abortion in adolescents has been frequent in less-advantaged socioeconomic classes, and the vulnerability of these adolescents has not been addressed. Given this context, the present study sought to investigate the relationship between the practice of abortion and vulnerability in adolescents. This was a descriptive cross-sectional study of 201 adolescents who completed a structured questionnaire that allowed the analysis of variables with respect to intent to abort. The profile of the pregnant adolescents in the sample studied was the (...) following: average age, 16.1 years; stable partner; mulatas; did not use condoms during sexual relations; precocious with respect to their first sexual relations; and did not plan the pregnancy. According to the classification of the World Health Organization, 81.59% of the subjects‘ abortions were known to be induced. Twenty-one were vulnerable to induced abortion; of these, 13 reported forced sexual intercourse, of whom 8 reported that they had suffered associated violence. These results indicate that sexual violence and unwanted pregnancy subject adolescents to a context of greater vulnerability to induced abortion. Thus, it is suggested that this relationship should be considered from the perspective of bioethics and human rights, but always respecting the cultural values of the society in which the adolescents live, as well as their human dignity. (shrink)

O presente trabalho analisa o itinerário do ensino de filosofia no Brasil, analisando o percurso da ausência desta disciplina nos currículos escolares, até a recente obrigatoriedade legal, que fundamenta a criação de propostas tais como a do Programa Institucional de Bolsas de Iniciação à Docência (PIBID). Abordamos os objetivos e os resultados do programa desenvolvido na Universidade Federal da Bahia (UFBA), contextualizando as ações empreendidas na escola pública, desde 2010, tendo como enfoque o projeto Filosofia na Cozinha.

O ato de amamentar apresenta diversos benefícios tanto à mãe quanto ao bebê. No entanto, amamentar um bebê com cardiopatia requer inúmeros desafios. Este estudo tem o propósito de compreender a vivência do aleitamento materno de bebês com cardiopatia congênita e as propostas dos serviços de saúde à paciente com essas condições. Estudo descritivo, qualitativo, realizado por meio de entrevista semiestruturada com mães de bebês internados em hospital de referência em cardiopediatria. Utilizou-se a técnica de análise de conteúdo de Minayo, (...) com referencial teórico específico para embasamento da discussão. Os resultados encontrados apontam para a dura realidade dessas mães que se deparam com inúmeras dificuldades diante do enfrentamento da doença e das repercussões emocionais e físicas advindas dela. O impacto emocional e inviabilização dos cuidados com a amamentação exige uma equipe de saúde especializada para oferecer suporte afetivo, fortalecer vínculo mãe-bebê e minimizar prejuízos que a doença pode ocasionar. (shrink)

É bem conhecida a divergência entre as posições de Gottlob Frege e Bertrand Russell com relação ao tratamento semântico dado a sentenças contendo termos singulares indefinidos, ou seja, termos singulares sem referência ou com referência ambígua, tais como ‘Papai Noel’ ou ‘o atual rei da França’ ou ‘1/0 ’ ou ‘√4’ ou ‘o autor de Principia Mathematica’. Para Frege, as sentenças da linguagem natural que contêm termos indefinidos não formam declarações e portanto não são nem verdadeiras nem falsas. Já para (...) as sentenças da matemática, Frege defende que elas precisam ser corrigidas através da convenção forçada de uma referência não ambígua. Russell, por outro lado, aceita os termos indefinidos e propõe, através de sua teoria das descrições definidas, uma maneira de avaliar as sentenças em que eles ocorrem; e Quine amplia a teoria de Russell para abranger também os nomes com problemas de referência. Na prática da matemática são comuns os termos singulares indefinidos, sem referência, tais como ‘1/0 ’, ou com referência ambígua, tais como ‘√4’. Apesar de não haver uma sistematização rigorosa desta situação entre os matemáticos, há, no entanto, um conjunto de regras convencionais que tradicionalmente costumam ser aplicadas no tratamento matemático dos termos indefinidos. Nossa proposta é tomar a convenção matemática como inspiração e modelo para apresentar uma interpretação semântica formal para as descrições definidas e os nomes e utilizá-la como um argumento que favorece a abordagem de Russell relativamente à de Frege. (shrink)

Much of the ontology made in the analytic tradition of philosophy nowadays is founded on some of Quine’s proposals. His naturalism and the binding between existence and quantification are respectively two of his very influential metaphilosophical and methodological theses. Nevertheless, many of his specific claims are quite controversial and contemporaneously have few followers. Some of them are: (a) his rejection of higher-order logic; (b) his resistance in accepting the intensionality of ontological commitments; (c) his rejection of first-order modal logic; and (...) (d) his rejection of the distinction between analytic and synthetic statements. I intend to argue that these controversial negative claims are just interconnected consequences of those much more accepted and apparently less harmful metaphilosophical and methodological theses, and that the glue linking all these consequences to its causes is the notion of extensionality. (shrink)

Este artigo propõe a adoção do método da análise de conceitos conforme apresentada por John Wilson, como metodologia pedagógica e principal conteúdo para a disciplina de filosofia no ensino médio.

The purpose of this article is to support the logical incompatibility of the opposing views as a criterion for characterizing disagreements as genuinely metaphysical. That is, I intend to argue that a specific dispute is a metaphysical disagreement only when the conflicting views are governed by different logics. If correct, this criterion would not only help to separate merely verbal from genuine metaphysical debates, but it also would ground an argument against deflationism, guaranteeing the substantiality and relevance of metaphysics. I (...) intend to clarify the criterion, to present its basic foundations and commitments, to give some logical and metaphysical motivations for its adoption and some examples of its application. (shrink)